Journal: Regenerative Therapy

Article Title: Prednisolone attenuates the immunomodulatory capacity and reshapes the functional phenotype of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2026.101184

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of prednisolone on macrophage polarization and regulatory T (Treg) cell induction mediated by cADSCs. (a) Representative flow cytometry plots showing cluster designation (CD) 80 and CD206 expression in CD14 + DH82 cells. Cells cultured alone under control conditions or stimulated with interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ are shown, together with DH82 cells co-cultured with cADSCs pretreated with prednisolone at the indicated concentrations (0–100 μM) under LPS/IFN-γ stimulation. (b) Quantitative analysis of macrophage subsets, defined as CD14 + CD80 + CD206 - , CD14 + CD80 − CD206 + , CD14 + CD80 + CD206 + , and CD14 + CD80 − CD206 - cells. IL-4/IL-13 stimulation was included as an M2-polarizing control, whereas LPS/IFN-γ stimulation induced M1-like polarization. (c) Representative flow cytometry plots showing CD25 and Foxp3 expression in CD4 + T cells after co-culture of PBMCs with cADSCs pretreated with prednisolone. Red boxes indicate CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg cells. (d) Quantification of CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg cells within the CD4 + T-cell population. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments using cADSCs derived from three independent donors. * p < 0.05 vs. control or PBMCs alone; † p < 0.05 vs. LPS/IFN-γ.

Article Snippet: To induce macrophage polarization, either a combination of 50 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Sigma-Aldrich) and 20 ng/mL recombinant canine interferon (IFN)-γ (R&D Systems), or a combination of 40 ng/mL recombinant human interleukin (IL)-4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 40 ng/mL recombinant human IL-13 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), was added to the cultures, followed by incubation at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 for 72 h. At the end of the co-culture period, cells were collected, washed with FACS buffer, and incubated on ice with canine Fc receptor binding inhibitor.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Cell Culture, Control, Analysis, Co-culture Assay, Derivative Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficiency alleviates acute lung injury by activating PARP1 in epithelial cells

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117627

Figure Lengend Snippet: SUR1 interacted with PARP1 to suppress DNA damage repair and induce apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells (A) Co-immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses of HEK293T cells transfected with FLAG-SUR1 plasmids (left) or human bronchial epithlial (HBE) cells (right). (B) Immunofluorescence staining of HBE cells. Scale bars, 25 μm. (C) Homologous recombination reporter assay in U2OS-DRGFP cells transfected with SUR1 siRNA, followed by flow cytometry analysis. (D) Western blot analysis of HBE cells transfected with SUR1 siRNAs with or without 20 ng/mL TNF-α or 50 μg/mL LPS treatment for 1 h. (E) ROS levels in HBE cells with SUR1 knockdown, treated with or without TNF-α 20 ng/mL for 3 h. (F) Apoptosis assay by flow cytometry in HBE cells transfected with SUR1 siRNAs and treated with TNF-α. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001. Co-localization in (B) was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Data in (C–F) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. Representative images are shown.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TNF-α protein , ABclonal Biotechnology , Cat# RP00001.

Techniques: Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Western Blot, Transfection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Homologous Recombination, Reporter Assay, Flow Cytometry, Analysis, Knockdown, Apoptosis Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficiency alleviates acute lung injury by activating PARP1 in epithelial cells

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117627

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glibenclamide disrupted SUR1-PARP1 interaction to restore DNA repair and attenuate apoptosis and inflammation in HBE cells (A) Schematic diagram of HBE cells with different treatments, followed by RNA sequencing analysis. Groups: control, 20 ng/mL; TNF-α, 100 μmol/L; glibenclamide plus TNF-α. n = 2 per group. (B) Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes. (C) GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of 280 genes in the intersection shown in (B). (D) RT-qPCR analysis of HBE cells with different treatments as indicated. (E) Co-immunoprecipitation assay in HBE cells transfected with FLAG-SUR1 plasmids and treated with 20 ng/mL TNF-α or 100 μmol/L glibenclamide as indicated. L.E., long exposure. (F) HBE cells were treated as in (E), then subjected to cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractionation followed by western blotting. Cyto, cytoplasm; Nu, nucleus. (G) Western blot analysis of HBE cells pretreated with 100 μmol/L glibenclamide for 30 min followed by TNF-α or LPS co-treatment for 1 h. (H–J) ROS production, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis in HBE cells under indicated treatments. (K–M) HBE cells were pretreated with 100 μmol/L glibenclamide, 5 μmol/L olaparib, or their combination for 24 h, followed by 20 ng/mL TNF-α stimulation, and subjected to western blotting, caspase-3 activity assay, and apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry. Gli, glibenclamide. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses in (C) were performed using a hypergeometric test with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Data in (D) and (G–M) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. Representative images are shown.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TNF-α protein , ABclonal Biotechnology , Cat# RP00001.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Analysis, Control, Quantitative RT-PCR, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Transfection, Fractionation, Western Blot, Activity Assay, Caspase-3 Activity Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficiency alleviates acute lung injury by activating PARP1 in epithelial cells

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117627

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the role of SUR1 in ALI and the protective mechanism of glibenclamide TNF-α binds to its receptor (TNFR), activating the NF-κB pathway and promoting inflammation through increased transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). In parallel, TNF-α induces mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production, leading to DNA strand breaks. In response to DNA damage, nuclear PARP1 is activated to recruit DNA repair enzymes, promoting cell survival. Left, SUR1 interacts with and sequesters PARP1, impairing DNA damage repair. Accumulated DNA damage amplifies ROS production and NF-κB activation, which in turn further increases the transcription of inflammatory cytokines. This creates a positive feedback loop that promotes epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation, contributing to ALI progression. Right, glibenclamide binds to SUR1 and disrupts the SUR1-PARP1 interaction, releasing PARP1 to restore DNA damage repair. This intervention breaks the pathological feedback loop by reducing ROS production, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory cytokine expression, thereby suppressing apoptosis and inflammation in epithelial cells and ultimately protecting against ALI.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TNF-α protein , ABclonal Biotechnology , Cat# RP00001.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficiency alleviates acute lung injury by activating PARP1 in epithelial cells

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117627

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TNF-α protein , ABclonal Biotechnology , Cat# RP00001.

Techniques: Cell-Signaling, Recombinant, Transfection, Caspase-3 Activity Assay, Protein Extraction, Knock-Out, Sequencing, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Software, Analysis

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficiency alleviates acute lung injury by activating PARP1 in epithelial cells

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117627

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the role of SUR1 in ALI and the protective mechanism of glibenclamide TNF-α binds to its receptor (TNFR), activating the NF-κB pathway and promoting inflammation through increased transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). In parallel, TNF-α induces mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production, leading to DNA strand breaks. In response to DNA damage, nuclear PARP1 is activated to recruit DNA repair enzymes, promoting cell survival. Left, SUR1 interacts with and sequesters PARP1, impairing DNA damage repair. Accumulated DNA damage amplifies ROS production and NF-κB activation, which in turn further increases the transcription of inflammatory cytokines. This creates a positive feedback loop that promotes epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation, contributing to ALI progression. Right, glibenclamide binds to SUR1 and disrupts the SUR1-PARP1 interaction, releasing PARP1 to restore DNA damage repair. This intervention breaks the pathological feedback loop by reducing ROS production, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory cytokine expression, thereby suppressing apoptosis and inflammation in epithelial cells and ultimately protecting against ALI.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-6 protein , ABclonal Biotechnology , Cat# RP00201.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficiency alleviates acute lung injury by activating PARP1 in epithelial cells

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117627

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-6 protein , ABclonal Biotechnology , Cat# RP00201.

Techniques: Cell-Signaling, Recombinant, Transfection, Caspase-3 Activity Assay, Protein Extraction, Knock-Out, Sequencing, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Software, Analysis

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: Embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) Svep1 +/+ + lung explant culture time-lapse images over 48 hr showing normal branching morphogenesis.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-lapse images of embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) Svep1 -/- lung explant culture over 48 hr demonstrating aberrant branching at the tips and edges of the lung, primarily in the form of trifurcations.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-lapse images of embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) Svep1 -/- lung explant culture over 48 hr show ectopic branching on the left lobe.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: Control embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) Svep1 +/+ + time-lapse images for the rSVEP1-treated lungs ( Video 5 ), showing normal branching.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-lapse images of embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) Svep1 +/+ + lung explants treated with rSVEP1 protein for 48 hr, demonstrating decreased secondary branching.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) In situ hybridization of lungs from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) wild-type embryos showed strong Svep1 mRNA expression in the mesenchyme at the lung periphery and around bifurcating distal airway tips (right inset outlined in red, arrowhead). ( b ) Arrowhead shows mesenchymal expression of SVEP1 protein in normal E12.5 lung. White arrows indicate the location of the SVEP1 protein on the epithelial membrane stained with ECAD (purple) in a distal airway bud. ( c ) SVEP1 expression is strong in the mesenchyme toward the lobe tip of the E14.5 lungs and branching cleft sites (arrowheads). ( d ) SVEP1 protein localizes in the lung parenchyma, including the primary septa (upper box) and adjacent to the proximal airway epithelium (lower box). ( e ) microCT scan of E18.5 embryos showing multiple defects, including thinning of the diaphragm and lung hypoplasia (red arrows). ( f ) Ventral view of E18.5 of Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 ‐/- lungs. The arrowheads indicate the tips of the lung lobes, which are short and rounded (highlight in black) in Svep1 -/- mice and have a cauliflower morphology. ( g ) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained lung section embryos demonstrate that E16.5 lungs from Svep1 -/- embryos are smaller and have irregular lobe edges. Black arrowheads indicate left lobes with highlighted surface. ( h ) The red arrowheads show the dorsal side of the E18 lungs, whereas the black arrows highlight the ventral side. Svep1 -/- embryos show defective saccular development mainly at the edge on the ventral side of the lung (inserts arrowheads). Co-localization of ECAD and SOX9 confirms high expression of SOX9 in distal airways (white arrowheads) in the lung of Svep1 -/- embryos at E18.5. ( i ) Plots showing Sox9 relative mRNA expression at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5. mRNA expression is significantly higher at E18.5 in Svep1 -/- embryos (mean ± SEM; Wilcoxon rank-sum test; p<0.05). Right cranial (RCr), right caudal (RCa), right medial (RMe), and right accessory (RAc) lobes. Scale bars: 50 μm ( a–d ), 100 μm. Figure 1—source data 1. qPCR data for Sox9 expression at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5 .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: In Situ Hybridization, Expressing, Membrane, Staining, Morphology

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a–b ) Svep1 in situ hybridization in embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and E12.5 embryos. Arrowheads indicate high expression of Svep1 at the distal tip of right medial (RMe) and accessory (RAc) lobes (outlined in red) and the left lobe. Arrows show Svep1 expression along and between early airway buds (outlined in red). ( b ) Arrows mark the expression of SVEP1 (green) adjacent to epithelial cells (ECAD; purple) in E14.5 normal lung. ( c ) In situ hybridization showing Svep1 expression in wild-type E16.5 lungs. The area outlined in the left panel is shown at higher magnification in the right-hand panel to highlight airways. Svep1 expression is stronger at the edges of the lung (arrowheads). SVEP1 protein localized next to distal airways (arrowheads) and microvasculature (arrows). ( d ) Svep1 protein or mRNA is seen in the mesenchyme at E18.5 and is highlighted in the primary septum. ( e ) RT-qPCR for Svep1 expression showing relative fold change at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5. ( f ) Normal and Svep1 -/- embryos at E12.5, E15.5, and E18.5 show edema and cranial, limb, and tail developmental defects increasing in mutants over time. ( g ) Svep1 mRNA is absent in E18.5 mutants. ( h ) SOX9 and KI67 mark proliferating epithelial progenitor cells in E18.5 lungs, mainly at the lung periphery in Svep1 -/- mutants. Scale bars: 100 µm ( a , c , d , h ); 200 µm ( b ). Figure 1—figure supplement 1—source data 1. qPCR expression data for Svep1 at E14.5, E16.5, E18.5 .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: In Situ Hybridization, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) UMAP clustering showing matrix fibroblast cells have the highest expression of Svep1 (reddish orange). ( b ) Clusters deficient in mutant cells compared to cells from wild-type samples are shaded in yellow. Clusters with enrichment of cells from mutant lung samples are shaded in blue.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Expressing, Mutagenesis

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Co-localization of epithelial (ECAD) and epithelial progenitor (SOX9) markers showing distal airways in lungs of embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) mice. ( a' ) The blue highlights in inserts represent the distal tip of the normal and mutant RAc lung lobes, with the mutant left lobe showing multiple branching. ( a'' ) Inserts illustrate airway density at the lung periphery in wild-type (WT) and mutants, with mutants having higher density. ( a''' ) In Svep1 -/- lungs, distal airway tips are organized in packed airway rosettes on the ventral side of the lung lobe. ( b ) Illustration of the three branching modes that pattern the airways of the lung (domain branching, planar bifurcation, orthogonal bifurcation) and distal trifurcation. This panel was created using BioRender.com . ( c–f ) Representative Z-stack images show SOX9 immunofluorescence. ( c ) E13.5 whole lungs of normal and Svep1 -/- embryos. The images show Svep1 -/- lungs with abnormal RCa lobe morphology (arrowheads), RAc lobe distal tip branching (arrows), and secondary branching patterning (orange arrowheads). ( d ) Pictures of E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos showing ectopic branching/budding anomalies in mutant embryos (areas outlined in pink in lower inserts). ( e ) E14.5 left lung lobes of Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 ‐/‐ embryos. SOX9 + buds highlighted in pink and cartoon show airway tip arrangement in normal and mutants. Arrow shows defective tip arrangement resulting in abnormal lung tip morphology in Svep1 -/- embryos. ( f ) Cleared tissue immunofluorescence of SOX9 in the left lung lobe at E14.5 reveals airway disorganization in Svep1 -/- embryos vs Svep1 +/+ embryos. Distal lung tips highlighted show branching trifurcations in the Svep1 -/- embryo (white arrow) and aberrant distal tip airway. ( g ) Representation of the left lung lobe Z-stack for distal airway quantification. Whole lungs of Svep1 -/- embryos at E14.5 have a statistically significant increase in the total number of SOX9 positive airway tips and ratio of tip and area compared to wild-type embryos (mean ± SEM; two-tailed unpaired t-test; p<0.05). This panel was created using BioRender.com . Right cranial (RCr), right caudal (RCa), right medial (RMe), and right accessory (RAc) lobes. Scale bars: 100 μm ( a–e ). Figure 2—source data 1. Counts of Sox9 positive airway tips in lungs from wild type and mutant Svep1 embryos at E14.5 .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Immunofluorescence, Morphology, Tissue, Two Tailed Test

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) SOX9 immunostaining of embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) lung lobe edges highlights (pink) Svep1 branching and bifurcation anomalies at the lung periphery. The blue highlights denote branching domain buds. ( b ) Immunofluorescence images of E14.5 and E15.5 lung lobes showing distal airways in both wild-type and Svep1 -/- embryos. Arrows indicate defective branching in Svep1 -/- embryos. ( c ) Graph of the ratio of length to width for individual E14.5 lobes. Svep1 +/+ in pink; Svep1 -/- in blue. ( d ) Graph of the ratio of length to width for individual E15.5 lobes. Svep1 +/+ in pink; Svep1 -/- in blue. ( e ) DAPI staining of E15.5 lung lobes displays the gross morphology of the lung surface for both Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- specimens. Average lobe length-to-width ratio ± SEM; p<0.01; n≥5. Lobe abbreviations: right cranial (RCr), right caudal (RCa), right medial (RMe), and right accessory (RAc) lobes. Scale bars: 100 µm. Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Ratio of length to width in lungs Svep1 wild type and mutant embryos at E14.5 . Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 2. Ratio of length to width in lungs Svep1 wild type and mutant embryos at E15.5 .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Immunostaining, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Morphology, Mutagenesis

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Compilation of a Z-stack image series for tissue-cleared whole RAc lung lobes labeled with ECAD (green) and SOX9 (purple) highlights disorganized branching in Svep1 -/- embryos at E14.5. Arrows (lower right) point to branching airways with rosette-like arrangements and ectopic airway tips growing in random directions. Arrowheads (left panels) at the right caudal (RCa) lobe tips indicate a single tip in the lobe of Svep1 +/+ embryos but multi-branched tips in Svep1 knockout embryos. ( b ) Schematic illustrating representative domain (blue), planar (green), and orthogonal (red) branching program types of Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- RAc lobes. Lungs of Svep1 -/- embryos lack planar bifurcations and have many trifurcating branch tips (red highlighted in black). ( c–d ) Graphs displaying the percentages of branching modes, orthogonal bifurcations, and trifurcations ( c ) and ectopic budding ( d ) in E14.5 RAc lobes of wild-type and Svep1 -/- embryos. ( e ) Representative single Z-stack images of RAc lobes at E14.5, stained with ECAD (green) and SOX9 (purple), show bifurcations (white dotted lines and white arrowhead) in Svep1 +/+ embryos, but trifurcations (white dotted lines and white arrows) in Svep1 -/- mice. ( f ) Single Z-stack image of RAc lobes stained with ECAD (green) and SOX9 (red) displays ectopic domain branching in Svep1 -/- mice (arrow). ( g ) Lung explants from E12.5 embryos after 48 hr in organ culture. Explants from Svep1 +/+ embryos show normal bifurcation (black arrowheads), whereas explants from Svep1 -/- embryos show trifurcations (black arrows) and ectopic budding (red arrowheads) (data are presented as mean ± SEM; two-tailed unpaired t-test; n=4 per genotype) ( c , d ). Scale bars: 100 μm ( a , g ); 50 μm ( e ). Figure 3—source data 1. Percentages of branching modes, orthogonal bifurcations, and trifurcations in right accessor lung lobs of Svep1 wild type and mutant embryo at E14.5 . Figure 3—source data 2. Percentages of ectopic budding in right accessory lung lobes of Svep1 wild type and mutant embryos at E14.5 .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Tissue, Labeling, Knock-Out, Staining, Organ Culture, Two Tailed Test, Mutagenesis

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Images of lung explants from E12.5 Svep1 +/+ embryos cultured for 48 hr. Images of lung explants from E12.5 Svep1 +/+ embryos cultured for 48 hr show a significant reduction in branching (control, top row) when treated with SVEP1 peptide (bottom row). ( b ) Plot showing peripheral airway counts of a left lung lobe after 48 hr cultured with and without SVEP1 treatment. This panel was created using BioRender.com . ( c ) Svep1 -/- lung explants treated with SVEP1 for 48 hr show a reduction in trifurcations compared to untreated lung explants. Black arrowheads indicate bifurcation; arrows indicate trifurcations (mean ± SEM; two-tailed unpaired t-test; control n=6, rSVEP1, n=7; p<0.05). Scale bars: 100 µm ( a, c ). Figure 4—source data 1. Peripheral airway fold change data for a left lung lobe explant following 48 hr cultured with and without SVEP1 treatment ( , panel b).

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Interactome of downregulated genes in lungs of embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) Svep1 -/- embryos with clusters labeled by enriched annotation terms. ( b ) Gene expression heatmap from RNA sequencing shows that significantly downregulated genes in lungs from Svep1 -/- embryos are associated with collagen and smooth muscle genes. ( c ) ACTA2 and calponin staining at E16.5. ( d ) ACTA2 and calponin localization in lung at E18.5 (white arrowheads indicate distal respiratory bronchioles; orange arrows indicate proximal bronchioles; white arrows indicate blood vessels). ( e ) ACTA2 staining (red) in wild-type and Svep1 -/- E12.5 lung explants, each cultured for 6 days, showed a reduction in smooth muscle cell formation in secondary and tertiary bronchi of the mutants (white arrows). ( f ) SOX2 immunofluorescence staining marking the progenitor cells of the epithelium in the proximal airways. Arrow marks the proximal airway at the core of the Svep1 -/- lung. ( g ) Immunofluorescence of the club cell marker SCGB1A1 (green) highlights the small proximal airways in mutant lungs. SCGB1A1 (green) co-localization with the ciliated cell marker FOXJ1 (pink) reveals a multicellular airway epithelium composed primarily of club cells. In Svep1 -/- embryos, the bronchiolar lumina are narrower than Svep1 +/+ (highlighted in white). Quantification shows an increased average of number of club cells (SCGB1A1) but not of ciliated cells (FOXJ1) (average counts ± SEM; t-test, p<0.05, n≤3). Scale bars: 200 µm or 100 µm. Figure 5—source data 1. Counts of SCGB1A1 and FOXJ1 positive cells in lungs of Svep1wild type and mutant embryos .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Labeling, Gene Expression, RNA Sequencing, Staining, Cell Culture, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Mutagenesis

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) In situ hybridization demonstrates increased expression of Fgfr2 in Svep1 -/- mutants. ( b ) Relative transcript abundance of Fgfr2 (and its isoforms Fgfr2b and Fgfr2c ), Fgf10 , Fgf9, and Kras showing increased expression in Svep1 -/- mutant embryos at embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5). ( c ) Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- lung explants from E12.5 embryos treated ex vivo with the FGF signaling inhibitor SU5402 (2.5 µg/ml). Black arrows point to normal tip morphology in Svep1 +/+ lungs. The black arrowhead points to distal tip trifurcations that persist in lung explants from Svep1 -/- embryos. SOX9 (green) and ACTA2 (purple) staining confirm the branching anomalies (highlighted in the white dotted areas) in Svep1 -/- lung explants. White arrows mark normal bifurcations, white arrowheads indicate trifurcations and distal budding; the red arrowhead highlights ectopic budding not affected by the induction of FGF. ( d ) E12.5 lung explants treated with SU5402 (2.5 µg/ml) for 4 days demonstrate reduced ACTA2 localization in distal airways of Svep1 -/- lungs compared to wild-type lungs. ( e ) Fgf9 mRNA expression in wild-type (E14.5) and mutant lung (E16.5). ( f ) Wild-type E12.5 lung explants after 48 hr: untreated control (top left); treated with SVEP1 alone (top right); FGF9 alone (bottom left); combination of SVEP1 and FGF9 (bottom right). The combination restores a normal bud tip phenotype (average counts ± SEM; t-test, p<0.01 and <0.05, n>3). Scale bars: 100 µm ( a , c , d , e ). Figure 6—source data 1. Transcript abundance of Fgfr2, Fgfr2 isoforms, and Kras in Svep1-/- mutant embryos at E18.5 . Figure 6—source data 2. Lung bud tip growth fold change in treated and untreated Svep1 wild type E12.5 lung explants .

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: In Situ Hybridization, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Ex Vivo, Morphology, Staining, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Expression heatmaps of selected genes associated with alveolar AT1 and AT2 cells show that Svep1 -/- lungs have lower expression of AT1 genes compared to Svep1 +/+ lungs and higher expression of AT2-associated genes. ( b ) Immunofluorescence of PDPN, HOPX, Pro-SFPC, and ABCA3 in the lungs of E18.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos. Arrows indicate airway bud stalks. ( c ) PDGRFA+ (green) staining at E18.5. Plots of the average number of PDGFRA+ cells (average counts ± SEM; t-test, p<0.05, n=3). ( d ) Immunofluorescence of the mesothelial progenitor marker WT1 (red) with KI67 (green) staining indicating actively dividing WT1+ progenitors (white arrows). Plot of the number of WT1+ and WT+/KI67+ cells at E16.5 and E18.5. Svep1 -/- lungs have more WT1+ cells than Svep1 +/+ lungs at E18.5; however, the number of WT1+ KI67 lungs is unchanged between Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- lungs. ( e ) Labeling of endothelial cells with CD31 illustrating the double layer of the saccular microvasculature in normal lungs (arrowhead) and disorganized microvasculature in Svep1 -/- lungs at E18.5. Scale bars: 250 µm ( b ); 100 µm ( c , d ); 5 µm ( e , h ). Scale bars: 25 µm ( c , e ); 50 µm ( b ); 100 µm ( c ). Figure 7—source data 1. Average counts of PDGFRA+ cells in Svep1 wild type ad mutant lungs at E18.5 ( , panel c). Figure 7—source data 2. Relative transcript abundance of WT1 in lungs of Svep1 wild type and mutant embryos at E18.5 . Figure 7—source data 3. Counts of WT1+ cells in lungs of Svep1 wild type and mutant embryos at E18.5 ( , panel d).

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Marker, Labeling, Mutagenesis

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Svep1 orchestrates distal airway patterning and alveolar differentiation in murine lung development

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100443

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Epithelial localization of surfactant-associated protein C (SFTPC; green) and SRY-box 9 (SOX9; purple) expression in the distal airway tips at E18.5. Arrows indicate the co-localization of SFPC and SOX9. ( b ) Perilipin 2 (PLIN2, aka ADFP) marks lipofibroblasts in the lung mesenchyme. Expression of the Plin2 (Adfp) gene in the lungs of Svep1 mutant and wild-type E18.5 embryos was not statistically different. Scale bars: 100 µm.

Article Snippet: Lung explants from E12.5 or E13.5 Svep1 +/+ and Svep1 -/- embryos were treated for 2 days with a 146 amino acid recombinant protein antigen of Svep1 (10 μg/ml, NP_0735725.2, region 874–971, Novus Biologicals), for 2–4 days with and without an FGFR2 kinase inhibitor (2.5 μM SU5401, Pfizer) signaling and for 2 days with FGF9 (200 μM; R&D Systems) or FGF9+SVEP1 recombinant protein.

Techniques: Expressing, Mutagenesis